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We have shown that indels in gp120 V4 are associated to the presence of duplicated and palindromic sequences, suggesting that they may be produced by strand-slippage misalignment mechanism. Indels in V4 involved region-specific duplications 9 to 15 bp long, and repeats of various lengths, associated to trinucleotides AAT. No duplications were found in V3 and C3. The frequency of palindromic sequences...
The interferon-inducible 2′,5′-oligoadenylate synthetase 1b (Oas1b) protein inhibits West Nile virus (WNV) infection by preventing viral RNA (vRNA) accumulation in infected cells. Serial passage of WNV in Oas1b-expressing mouse cells selected a virus variant with improved growth capacity. Two major amino acid substitutions were identified in this Oas1b-resistant WNV variant: NS3-S365G in the ATPase/helicase...
The severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV) caused substantial morbidity and mortality in 2002–2003. Deletion of the envelope (E) protein modestly diminished virus growth in tissue culture but abrogated virulence in animals. Here, we show that immunization with rSARS-CoV-ΔE or SARS-CoV-Δ[E,6-9b] (deleted in accessory proteins (6, 7a, 7b, 8a, 8b, 9b) in addition to E) nearly completely...
Children with acute RV-gastroenteritis (GE) had low or undetectable levels of circulating IFN-γ + , IL-13 + , IL-2 + , IL-10 + or IL-17 + RV-T cells. IFN-γ + T cells and low frequencies of IL-10 + and IL-2 + CD4 + T cells were found in adults with RV-GE during acute and convalescence phases, respectively. Circulating single IFN-γ...
Polyoma- and papillomaviruses genome replication is initiated by the binding of large T antigen (LT) and of E1 and E2, respectively, at the viral origin (ori). Replication of an ori-containing plasmid occurs in cells transiently expressing these viral proteins and is typically quantified by Southern blotting or PCR. To facilitate the study of SV40 and HPV31 DNA replication, we developed cellular assays...
SIVagm does not induce disease in its African green monkey (AGM) host. In comparison, the hybrid simian-human immunodeficiency virus SHIV89.6P that carries the HIV env gene induces disease in rhesus macaques more rapidly than the SIVmac parent virus. To address the possibility that this enhancement of disease by HIV env would also occur when present in SIVagm, a full-length SIVagm/89.6Penv chimeric...
The cytokine macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is involved in the pathogenesis of inflammatory and infectious diseases, however its role in HIV-1 infection is unknown. Here we show that HIV-1-infected patients present elevated plasma levels of MIF, that HIV-1-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) release a greater amount of MIF, and that the HIV-1 envelope glycoprotein gp120...
Recently, the first human infection with an exogenous gammaretrovirus (XMRV) was reported. In its initial description, XMRV was confined to prostate stromal fibroblasts, although subsequent reports demonstrated XMRV protein expression in prostate epithelial cells. Most recently, XMRV has been detected in blood cells of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. The aim of this study was to elucidate...
Warts from immunosuppressed organ transplant recipients (OTR) persist over years and may progress into non-melanoma skin cancer. Human papillomaviruses (HPV) are considered the causal agents for the development of such warts. We isolated the novel type HPV-117 from a persisting wart by rolling circle amplification. One hundred eighteen warts from immunocompetent patients (IC) and 49 warts from OTR...
Ngaingan virus (NGAV) was isolated from a pool of biting midges that were collected in the tropics of northern Australia. Reported here is the full-length sequence of the NGAV genome, which, at over 15.7 kb, is the largest in any rhabdovirus described to date and contains 13 genes, the highest number of genes observed in any (−) ssRNA virus. Seven of these putative genes show no significant homology...
Although X4 tropic SHIVs have been studied extensively, they show distinct infection phenotypes from those of R5 tropic viruses, which play an important role in HIV-1 transmission and pathogenesis. To augment the variety of R5 tropic SHIVs, we generated a new R5 tropic SHIV from the highly pathogenic X4 tropic SHIV-KS661, a derivative of SHIV-89.6. Based on consensus amino acid alignment analyses...
The new H1N1 swine-origin influenza virus (S-OIV) strain is a global health problem. The elucidation of the virus–host relationship is crucial for the control of the new infection. Two human monoclonal antibody Fab fragments (HMab) neutralizing the novel H1N1 influenza strain at very low concentrations were cloned before the emergence of S-OIV from a patient who had a broad-range H1N1 serum neutralizing...
Viral enteric disease in poultry is an ongoing problem in many parts of the world. Many enteric viruses have been identified in turkeys and chickens, including avian astroviruses, rotaviruses, reoviruses, and coronaviruses. Through the application of a molecular screening method targeting particle-associated nucleic acid (PAN), we recently described the detection and partial characterization of a...
Entry of herpes simplex virus (HSV) occurs either by fusion at the plasma membrane or by endocytosis and fusion with an endosome. Binding of glycoprotein D (gD) to a receptor such as nectin-1 is essential in both cases. We show that virion gD triggered the rapid down-regulation of nectin-1 with kinetics similar to those of virus entry. In contrast, nectin-1 was not constitutively recycled from the...
Enteroviridae such as coxsackievirus are important infectious agents causing viral heart diseases. Viral protease 2A (2A pro ) initiates the virus life cycle, and is an excellent target for developing antiviral drugs. Here, to evaluate the validity of the 2A pro as a proper therapeutic target, and based on the existing information and molecular dynamics, a 16-mer peptide was designed...
We have shown previously that exacerbation of corneal scarring (CS) in HSV-1 glycoprotein K (gK) immunized mice was associated with CD8 + T cells. In this study, we investigated the type and the nature of the immune responses that are involved in the exacerbation of CS in gK-immunized animals. BALB/c mice were vaccinated with baculovirus expressed gK, gD, or mock-immunized. Twenty-one days...
Alphaviruses are mosquito-borne viruses that cause serious human and animal diseases. Previous studies demonstrated that a determinant within the nsP1/nsP2 cleavage domain of the virulent Sindbis AR86 virus played a key role in regulating adult mouse virulence without adversely affecting viral replication. Additional characterization of this determinant demonstrated that a virus with the attenuating...
Flaviviruses have a positive-sense, single-stranded RNA genome of ∼11 kb, encoding a large polyprotein that is cleaved to produce ∼10 mature proteins. Cell fusing agent virus, Kamiti River virus, Culex flavivirus and several recently discovered flaviviruses have no known vertebrate host and apparently infect only insects. We present compelling bioinformatic evidence for a 253–295 codon overlapping...
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